Though the normal way to become the super user is to log in as root, sometimes that is not convenient. For example, you may be logged into a regular user account and just want to make a quick administrative change to your system without having to log out and log back in. Or, you may need to log in over the network to make a change to a Linux system but find that the system doesn't allow root users in from over the network (a common practice).
The answer is that you can use the su command. From any Terminal window or shell, you can simply type:
$ su Password: ****** #
When you are prompted, type in the root user's password. The prompt for the regular user ($) will be changed to the super user prompt (#). At this point, you have full permission to run any command and use any file on the system. However, one thing that the su command doesn't do when used this way is read in the root user's environment. As a result, you may type a command that you know is available and get the message "command not found." To fix this problem, you can use the su command with the dash (-) option instead, as follows:
$ su - Password: ****** #
You still need to type the password, but after you do that, everything that normally happens at login for the root user will happen after the su command is completed. Your current directory will be root's home directory (probably /root), and things like the root user's PATH variable will be used. With the other way of running root, you would not have changed directories or the environment of the current login session.
Tip? |
When you become super user during someone else's session, a common mistake is to leave files or directories behind in the user's directories that are owned by root. If you do this, be sure to use the chown or chmod command to make the files and directories you modify open to the user that you want to own them. Otherwise, you will probably get a phone call in a short time, asking you to come back and fix it. |
You can also use the su command to become another user than root. For example, to have the permissions of a user named chum, you could type the following:
$ su - chum
Even if you were root user before you typed this command, you would only have the permission to open files and run programs that are available to chum. As root user, however, after you type the su command to become another user, you don't need a password to continue. If you type that command as a regular user, you must type the new user's password.
When you are finished using super user permissions, return to the previous shell by exiting the current shell. Do this by pressing Ctrl+D or by typing exit. If you are the administrator for a computer that is accessible to multiple users, don't leave a root shell open on someone else's screen (unless you want to let that person do anything they like to the computer)!
When you run GUI tools as a regular user, you are usually prompted for the root password (as described in an upcoming section, "Using Red Hat graphical administration tools"). If a GUI tool fails and doesn't prompt you for a password, refer to the "Becoming Super User in X" sidebar.