Use Nmap to keep track of the devices and services on your network.
As we saw in [Hack #40] , Nmap (http://www.insecure.org/nmap/) is free a tool that can be used to conduct various sorts of scans on networks. Normally when people think of using Nmap, they assume it's used to conduct some sort of nefarious network reconnaissance in preparation for an attack. But as with all powerful tools, Nmap can be used for far more than breaking into networks.
For example, simple TCP connect scans can be conducted without needing root privileges:
$ nmap rigel Starting nmap 3.48 ( http://www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) at 2003-12-15 17:42 MST Interesting ports on rigel (192.168.0.61): (The 1595 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: filtered) PORT STATE SERVICE 7/tcp open echo 9/tcp open discard 13/tcp open daytime 19/tcp open chargen 21/tcp open ftp 22/tcp open ssh 23/tcp open telnet 25/tcp open smtp 37/tcp open time 79/tcp open finger 111/tcp open rpcbind 512/tcp open exec 513/tcp open login 514/tcp open shell 587/tcp open submission 4045/tcp open lockd 7100/tcp open font-service 32771/tcp open sometimes-rpc5 32772/tcp open sometimes-rpc7 32773/tcp open sometimes-rpc9 32774/tcp open sometimes-rpc11 32775/tcp open sometimes-rpc13 32776/tcp open sometimes-rpc15 32777/tcp open sometimes-rpc17 Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 75.992 seconds
This is tremendously useful for checking on the state of your own machines. You could probably guess that this scan was performed on a Solaris machine, and one that needs to have some services disabled at that.
Nmap can also scan ranges of IP addresses by specifying the range or using CIDR notation:
nmap 192.168.0.1-254 nmap 192.168.0.0/24
Nmap can provide much more information if it is run as root. When run as root, it can use special packets to determine the operating system of the remote machine by using the -O flag. Additionally, you can do half-open TCP scanning by using the -sS flag. When doing a half-open scan, Nmap will send a SYN packet to the remote host and wait to receive the ACK from it; if it receives an ACK, it knows that the port is open. This is different from a normal three-way TCP handshake, where the client will send a SYN packet and then send an ACK back to the server once it has received the initial server ACK. Attackers typically use this option to avoid having their scans logged on the remote machine.
Try it out for yourself:
# nmap -sS -O rigel Starting nmap V. 3.00 ( www.insecure.org/nmap/ ) Interesting ports on rigel.nnc (192.168.0.61): (The 1578 ports scanned but not shown below are in state: filtered) Port State Service 7/tcp open echo 9/tcp open discard 13/tcp open daytime 19/tcp open chargen 21/tcp open ftp 22/tcp open ssh 23/tcp open telnet 25/tcp open smtp 37/tcp open time 79/tcp open finger 111/tcp open sunrpc 512/tcp open exec 513/tcp open login 514/tcp open shell 587/tcp open submission 7100/tcp open font-service 32771/tcp open sometimes-rpc5 32772/tcp open sometimes-rpc7 32773/tcp open sometimes-rpc9 32774/tcp open sometimes-rpc11 32775/tcp open sometimes-rpc13 32776/tcp open sometimes-rpc15 32777/tcp open sometimes-rpc17 Remote operating system guess: Solaris 9 Beta through Release on SPARC Uptime 44.051 days (since Sat Nov 1 16:41:50 2003) Nmap run completed -- 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 166 seconds
With OS detection enabled, Nmap has confirmed that the operating system is Solaris, but now you also know that it's probably Version 9 running on a SPARC processor.
One powerful feature that can be used to help keep track of your network is Nmap's XML output capabilities. This is activated by using the -oX command-line switch:
# nmap -sS -O -oX scandata.xml rigel
This is especially useful when scanning a range of IP addresses or your whole network, because you can put all the information gathered from the scan into a single XML file that can be parsed and inserted into a database. Here's what an XML entry for an open port looks like:
<port protocol="tcp" portid="22"> <state state="open" /> <service name="ssh" method="table" conf="3" /> </port>
Nmap is a powerful tool. By using its XML output capabilities, a little bit of scripting, and a database, you can create an even more powerful tool that can monitor your network for unauthorized services and machines.