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Command Syntax Conventions
Chapter 1. Operating System Issues and Features-The Big Picture
Why UNIX Is Viable
Routing, Forwarding, and Switching Approaches
The Evolution of AT&T System V (SVR4) UNIX and 4.4-Lite BSD Derivatives
Operating Systems Design Considerations
Kernel-Space Modules Versus User-Space Applications
Cisco IOS Software
OpenBSD
FreeBSD
NetBSD
Linux
GNU Hurd/Mach
Other Commercial Unices
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
Chapter 2. User-Space Routing Software
The GNU Zebra Routing Software
The Quagga Project
The routed Daemon
GateD 3.6
MRT (Multithreaded Routing Toolkit)
The Bird Project
The XORP Project
Multicast Routing Daemons: mrouted and pimd
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 3. Kernel Requirements for a Full-Featured Lab
The sysctl Facility
IP Forwarding Control and Special Interfaces
Ethernet Channel Bonding
Multicast Support
Firewall and Traffic-Shaping Support
The IPv6 Protocol Stack
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 4. Gateway WAN/Metro Interfaces
Dial-on-Demand Routing: Analog and ISDN Dialup
Wireless Technologies
SDH/SONET
Powerline Communications
Ethernet to the Home/Premises
Cisco Long-Reach Ethernet (LRE)
Synchronous Serial Interface and PRIs
ATM Interfaces
Cable Access (Ethernet Interfaces)
DSL Access
Lab 4-1: Synchronous Serial Connection Setup
Exercise 4-1: Frame Relay Point-to-Multipoint Setup
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 5. Ethernet and VLANs
Ethernet NICs
Hubs, Bridges, and Multilayer Switches
Access Ports, Uplinks, Trunks, and EtherChannel Port Groups
Alias Interfaces
VLAN Configurations
A Few Words on Cabling
Lab 5-1: FreeBSD Bridge Cluster Lab
Lab 5-2: Linux Bridging and the Spanning Tree
Lab 5-3: OpenBSD Bridging and Spanning Tree
A Few Words on Layer 2 Security
Exercise 5-1: Linux/FreeBSD Ethernet Channel Bonding
Exercise 5-2: STP Operation
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 6. The Analyzer Toolbox, DHCP, and CDP
Terminal Emulation Software
Secure Shell Tools
Protocol Analyzer
Statistical Tools
Port Scanners
socklist and netstat
Ping and Traceroute Combinations
DNS Auditing Tools
Traffic and Packet Generators
Lab 6-1: Using Sniffers-DHCP Example
Lab 6-2: UNIX CDP Configuration
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 7. The UNIX Routing and ARP Tables
Address Resolution: ARP and RARP
Power of the Linux ip, netstat, and route Utilities
ARP-Related Tools
Lab 7-1: ARP Security Issues
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnote
Chapter 8. Static Routing Concepts
Administrative Distance and Metric
Classful Routing, VLSM, and CIDR
Default Gateways, Default Routes, and Route(s) of Last Resort
Route Caches, Routing Tables, Forwarding Tables, and the ISO Context
The Near and Far End of a Link
The route Command-Adding and Removing Routes
Route Cloning
Blackholes and Reject/Prohibit Routes
Floating Static Routes
Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP) Routing
Lab 8-1: Interface Metrics, Floating Static Routes, and Multiple Equal-Cost Routes (ECMP)
Linux TEQL (True Link Equalizer)
Adding Static Routes via Routing Daemons
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
Chapter 9. Dynamic Routing Protocols-Interior Gateway Protocols
Interaction with the UNIX Routing Table
Classification of Dynamic Routing Protocols
From RIP to EIGRP
Lab 9-1: RIPv2 Scenario
Lab 9-2: RIP Neighbor Granularity
Lab 9-3: RIPv2 via GateD
Introduction to Link-State Routing Protocols
OSPFv2
Lab 9-4: Leaf-Area Design Featuring GateD and Cisco IOS
Lab 9-5: Leaf-Area Design Featuring Zebra and Cisco IOS Software
ECMP-Manipulating Metric and Distance
The Art of Redistribution
Lab 9-6: Route Filtering and Redistribution
Lab 9-7: OSPF Authentication
Route Tagging and Multiple OSPF Processes/Instances
IS-IS (Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System)
Lab 9-8: IS-IS Flat Backbone Area
Lab 9-9: IS-IS Backbone and Leaf Area
Lab 9-10: OSPF Point-to-Point Lab
Advanced OSPF Features
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
Chapter 10. ISP Connectivity with BGPv4-An Exterior Gateway Path-Vector Routing Protocol for Interdomain Routing
Exterior Gateway Protocols: EGP and BGPv4
Internet Exchange Points
EBGP and EBGP Multihop
IBGP Full Mesh, Route Reflectors, and Confederation
Lab 10-1: Route Reflection
Lab 10-2: Confederation
Lab 10-3: Multi-AS BGP Topology
Lab 10-4: BGP with GateD
Avoiding Single Points of Failure
Route Server and Routing Registries
Looking Glasses
Routing Policies
Special BGP Topics
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 11. VPN Technologies, Tunnel Interfaces, and Architectures
The Rationale for Tunnels in Routing Environments
The VPNC Concept of VPNs
The OSI Stack Perspective
Internet, Intranet, and Extranet Terminology
IP-IP Tunnel
Generic Router Encapsulation (GRE) Tunnel
Special Multicast and IPv6 Tunneling (RFC 2473, RFC 3053)
Cisco L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding)
PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunnel Protocol)
L2TP (Layer 2 Tunnel Protocol)
Mobile IP
User-Space Tunneling
IPSec Foundation
General Tunnel and Specific IPSec Caveats
Advice About IPSec Lab Scenarios
Road-Warrior Scenarios (Road Warrior-to-OpenBSD/FreeBSD Gateway with IKE)
Dynamic Routing Protocols over Point-to-Point Tunnels-Transparent Infrastructure VPN
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
Chapter 12. Designing for High Availability
Increasing Availability
Withstanding a (D)DoS Attack
Network HA Approaches
Simple but Effective Approaches to Server HA
DNS Shuffle Records and Round-Robin (DNS RR)
Dynamic Routing Protocols
Firewall Failover
Clustering and Distributed Architectures
The Service Routing Redundancy Daemon (SRRD)
IPv4/IPv6 Anycast
A Few Words About Content Caches and Proxies
Load Balancing
Cisco HA and Load-Balancing Approaches
VRRP
OpenBSD CARP
IRDP
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnotes
Chapter 13. Policy Routing, Bandwidth Management, and QoS
Policy Routing
Traffic Shaping, Queuing, Reservation, and Scheduling
Linux QoS
Layer 3 QoS: IP ToS, Precedence, CoS, IntServ, and DiffServ Codepoints
802.1P/Q Tagging/Priority-QoS at the Data-Link/MAC Sublayer
MPLS Exp Field and MPLS Traffic Engineering
DiffServ and RSVP/RSVP-TE Implementations for UNIX
Cisco IOS QoS and Queuing Architectures
UNIX Firewalling Engines and Queuing
Summary
Recommended Reading
Endnote
Chapter 14. Multicast Architectures
Multicast Deployments
Multicast Addresses and Scope
Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) and Cisco Group Management Protocol (CGMP)
mrouted and DVMRP
The ip and smcroute Multicast Utilities
PIM Operation and Daemons
Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF)
Multicast Source Discovery Protocol (MSDP)
BGPv4 Multicast Extensions (Multiprotocol BGP, RFC 2858)
Multicast Transport Layer Protocols
Multicast Invitations and Session Announcements
Multicast Security
Summary
Recommended Reading
Chapter 15. Network Address Translation
The NAT Foundation-Basic/Traditional NAT
NAT, PAT(NAPT), Masquerading, and Port Mapping/Multiplexing
Static NAT and ARP/Routing Issues
Redirection (Port Forwarding/Relaying or Transparent Proxying)
UNIX NAT Approaches
NAT-Hostile Protocols
Future Developments: NAT-T, MPLS+NAT, Load Balancer
NAT Redundancy-Stateful Failover
Summary
Recommended Reading
Appendix A. UNIX Kernel Configuration Files
Appendix B. The FreeBSD Netgraph Facility
Reasons for Netgraph
Recommended Reading
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